Daf: Duff is one of the percussion instruments in Iranian music that is more popular among women. The structure is in the form of a wooden ring on which a thin skin is stretched and played with finger beats. Wood, metal and leather are used in its construction. The length of the body or the arch section is about 60 cm, which metal rings with a number of about 40 pieces are installed in the inner wall at certain intervals. The presence of these rings creates a ringing sound that, along with the main sound, creates a pleasant and attractive state. The width of the daf is about 5 to 7 cm and the skin is stretched on one of its surfaces. The diameter of the body part is between 25 and 40 cm. In the corner of the circular wooden wall, there is a hole in which the musician places his thumb, holding the instrument vertically slightly to the left, and taps the surface of the instrument with the rest of the fingers of both hands. None of the sounds produced in this instrument have a certain pitch. The daf is administered in certain mystical rites as well as in conjunction with other instruments and group playing. Historian: The oldest sign of the daf dates back to the Elamite period of the prominent Col. Farah. Daf is also one of the Parthian musical instruments and is played exclusively by women based on existing evidence. In the pre-Islamic period, daf was present in Kurdish and Iranian music, and with the advent of Islam and the prohibition of music, it was played in monasteries and prayer halls in Kurdistan. The dervishes had a specific rhythm for each dhikr, which was called daf. Daf maghams are the main magham the Kasnani and Qaderi ways are the main maghams of Daf aalong with 7 to 10 other ways of religion. In 1353, with the efforts of Mohammad Reza Lotfi and Bijan Kamkar, playing the daf instrument became popular again, and after centuries, it was used in public performances and in non-mystical music. In ancient times, daf was made from zinc and brass, which was called khumbak or khamak which It is also called for crushing. In some dafs, bells were set up in the Chambar section, which was called Jalajal, and those who played the daf or circle were also called Jalalal Jal. In ancient Iran, jalajl was an oval device with bells used in wars and had a terrible sound. If the daf has a bell, the daf is called a timbral daf, which is more common in server and celebration gatherings, especially in the Kurdistan and Azerbaijan regions. In recent years, daf has flourished and is almost common in all parts of Iran. Master Habibi, by inventing a modern style of playing, has made this instrument in a completely principled and technical way. The use of daf in the Middle East is more than elsewhere. But with the advent of the Tombak, its prosperity declined. Components of instrument: Arch: The wooden collar around the daf is called a arch, which is a wooden ring with a width of 5 to 6.5 cm and a circle with a diameter of 50 to 55 cm, which is less commonly seen in smaller or larger sizes. The thickness of the wood reaches 2 to 3 mm on the skin side and 1.5 cm on the back side. If the arch is made in a circle and has full symmetry and the skin is stretched on the same side, the instrument will have a very good sound. The arch is of two types: A small arch: It is made of wood with a diameter of 1.5 cm, which connects the two ends of the wood in a circle. In this case, the skin is less tilted due to pressure and is lighter in weight than the other type. Two-dimensional bow: It is made of two woods with a diameter of about half a centimeter and a width of 6 cm, which are pressed on top of each other. This type of bow is heavier; however, it is more resistant to skin tension and does not bend. Thumb hole: On the side of the open opening and the back of the wood, there is a small hole on the arch, which is the location of the thumb of the left hand. With its help, the musician holds the instrument in his hand.

Skin: The skin is usually made of old sheep's, goat's or deer's skin, which is the same thickness in all places. Today, artificial skins are also used. These types of daf are non-traditional types of daf that have the following advantages over natural skin. Having a fixed stitch A make the thickness of the skin surface of the daf, be similar Clear and stronger sound The same stretch and unique ingredients throughout the skin Not absorbing moisture and not changing the state due to it Do not bend the arch due to the same stretch of the skin Standard sound, like other orchestral instruments Bacteria and microbes do not decompose it Lack of unpleasant odor And lack of disease and allergies Suitable natural skin should be old and not smell bad, be well tanned and lime should not be used in tanning. Lime removes skin oil and has a bad effect on the sound of the instrument. Excessive heating of the skin increases the likelihood of skin rupture or bending due to stretching. In the long run, water has a negative effect on the quality of the instrument's sound. If the skin of the daf is drawn in the air or due to the heat of the air, the side of the skin should be placed flat or mosaic on the ground to slowly absorb moisture. rings In the arched wall, hook-like pins are installed at a distance of one centimeter from each other and 3 centimeters from the skin, on which 3 or 4 metal rings are installed. These rings are also known as jalajl. As the daf moves, the rings collide, hitting the skin, causing a noise. hobnail: In order to restrain and firmly hold the skin on the arch of the skin, in the outer wall of the arch, there are nails similar to tack and have a flat head, which are called hobnail. Of course, in some daffs, the skin is glued or pasted to the outer wall of the arch. Note writing: A four-line carrier is commonly used. The bass sounds of the central part of the skin on the first line, the middle area on the second line, the sides that have lower sounds are marked on the third line, and the fourth line shows the time of using the rings. Daf families: Circle: The smaller type of daf, which is played in feasts and celebrations, has the same structural features as the daf, but its opening diameter is 35 cm. Timbral: This instrument consists of a circular wooden arch with a diameter of about 25 cm and a width of 5 cm, the opening of which is covered with a leather made of plastic or cattle skin. In some cases, both sides are left open. There are gaps around the arch to place the cymbal, which is connected to the sides of the fissures by a thin metal rod that passes through the hole between the cymbal. The impact of the right hand on the skin and the collision of the cymbals with each other create a ringing sound. In some cases, they only use the sound of the cymbals. musicians: Bijan Kamkar Massoud Habibi Hojar Zahravi Mehrdad Karim Khavari Ahmad Khak Tint Pejman Haddadi Hafez Nazeri Siavash Nazeri builders: Haidar Mohammadi Latif Bapiri Pejman Haddadi Tawfiq Babakhani Habibollah Mohammadi Sediq Mohammadi