The Kamancheh is one of the main instruments of Iranian music and it can even be said that it is the most important instrument of Iranian music after Tar. Kamancheh is a group of string-bowed instruments that was one of the national instruments of Iran due to having more than four octaves and sound capacity, and it has a long history in the Middle East and the Far East. Ruhollah Khaleghi in his book "History of Iranian Music" defines the Kamancheh as the evolution of Rabab. the various parts of Kamansheh made of: wood, leather, bone and metal.  Kamancheh has a stage in addition to the buldge, handle, and head, that rests on floor or player’s knee. There is a type of fiddle known as the Lori fiddle, which is open on the back and is called "tal" by the people of Lor. Fiddle History: The fiddle is one of the instruments that has a long history in the Orient and has been used especially in the Orient. In pre-Islamic Iran, the name Ghazak existed in the Sistan and Baluchestan region, was prevalent. In Sistan, Ghazak has a lot of wires, which in some cases reaches seven. In Afghanistan, fiddle is also very old. The fiddle instrument in Lorestan region also has a historical background. Basically, in Lorestan, all people who are interested in music must have a fiddle instrument in their home. The shape of the fiddle is like a speaker and the skin is stretched in the opening part and it is open in front of the reverberation bowl, so its sound is very loud as usually it doesn’t need a speaker , so even in the open places it can be played without a speaker. The fiddle in Lorestan had three strings that doubled the third string, which used to be electric strings. Massoud Saad Salman mentions fiddle in his poems and Farrokhi has written poems about ghaj or ghajak and nezhat. According to the culture of musical instruments written by Hossein Ali Mullah, fiddle is a member of string instrument that is played with an arch or bow. Fiddle and Robab are from the same root. The Arabs call all instruments played with bows or archs "majrorat" or "majrooreh". Abdul Qadir Marafahi in Al-Alhan's Pages, p. 132, has written: They should wear a silk cloth and, of course, draw a skin on it that has the skin of a cow's heart ... and make it into a bow. " fiddle is played all over Iran. In Azerbaijan, Iran, Soviet Azerbaijan, Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia, the same name is common. In some places this instrument has three strings and in some places it has four strings. In Azerbaijan, Iran, the fiddle is one of the most popular instruments of the people. The fiddle plays as a violin in the Azerbaijani orchestra. The wood used in the construction of this instrument is made of walnut and apricot. They pull fish skins on the opening part of the resonant bowl. --- Quoted from the book of Iranian music culture / Behrooz Vajdani --- "... the tambourine which is now known as the fiddle" /

Instumentology: The fiddle is a constrained arched stringed instrument made of walnut, mulberry and maple wood, along with metal and bone. The total length of the fiddle is 75 cm, which the player plays while sitting so that the instrument is placed vertically in the player's left hand and the bow is taken with the other hand. Then the player pull the bow horizontally and back and forth on the string. It also has a rod-shaped base at the end of which the instrument is placed on the ground or on the player's foot. The use of strings and vocals in the fiddle is very common, and while playing the instrument, the instrument is rotated slightly to the right and left around the axis of the bar, which facilitates bowling. Fingerprinting in the fiddle is such that the index finger of the left hand is marked with the number one and the little finger of the same hand is marked with the number four.

 Different components of the fiddle: Resonant bowl The resonant bowl is like an empty circle. The upper part is open, on which skin is drawn and the vault is installed. The outer surface of the bowl, is decorated with oysters and bone. The back of the resonant bowl in some fiddles is open, which makes a strong sound.   Skin The thin skin of Quadrupeds, such as deer, goats and lambs are chosen as a skin of opening part   Handle The handle is looks like a tube which made of wood, and is about 25 cm long and 3 cm in diameter, and is made like an upside-down cone. In fact, the diameter is narrower at the junction of the bowl. The handle has no handrails it ended up to the bowel and from the other side to the claws  vault The vault of the fiddle is made of wood or bone, which is 4 cm long and 2 cm high. The vault is placed on the skin of the bowl by its two small bases. The vault is mostly tilted so that the length of the first wire is shorter and the length of the fourth wire is longer. There are shallow grooves on the vault to keep the wires apart. claws The claw is located at the beginning of the handle and is made of wood. Its surface is hollow. Four two-by-two earphones are located on either side. At the top of the claw is crown, or narrow claw. The role of this crown is to increase the length of the instrument. earphones The fiddle has four earphones arranged with the number of strings. They are in the form of a wide-headed wooden nail, which is located on both sides of the claw head. The wide part of the earphone rotates in the musician's hand to tune to the right and left. The narrow part is placed inside the empty space of the head of the claw and a head of wire is wrapped around it.   Pawl:  It is located between the claw and the handle and is made of bone or thin wood. The wires pass through its shallow grooves and connect to the earphones.   Tailpiece It is a small piece of wood or metal that is installed at the end of the body of the bowl and one end of the wires is attached to it.   pedestal is a thin, metal and movable rods with ten centimeters long. One side is located at the end of bowel with screw and other side is placed on the foot or ground.

Bow or crane: The bow is a wooden stick that has a slight curvature and a bunch of ponytail hair is attached to its two ends. On the side that is in the musician's right hand is a 7 cm long leather belt with a width of one centimeter between the hair and the head of the bow. The bow hair is not stretched and strong, so when playing, the player reaches the desired level with the fingers of his right hand. The length of the bow is about 60 cm and a gum called "caliphon" is administered for the string to make the better sound. As the violin becomes more prevalent in Iran, the use of the term bow instead of arrow has become common. The type of bowing plays an important role in the sound quality of the instrument, and by loosening and tightening the bow strings with the fingers of the right hand, the desired modes can be created. The farther the bow is from the vault, the softer the sound, and the closer it is to the vault, the louder the volume. The short time and cross section of the sounds can only be performed with the head or the bottom of the bow, and the whole bow is used for more stretched sounds or songs with a connecting line.      Number and type of wires: The Kamancheh has 4 strings of different thicknesses. It is common to use the full chord of the violin strings for the Kamancheh. But in the past, the number of wires was three.   Width: The volume of the fiddle's sound is about 3 octaves, and due to the presence of different stitches and the lack of handwriting, all the intervals of national music (curtains, half curtains and quarter curtains) can be performed in this instrument.   Tune- up The fiddle string, or the distance between the strings, can be changed according to the need for different positions in different instruments of Iranian music. The most common stitch for Iranian devices is that the first and second wires are fourth (or fifth) apart, the third wire is one octave lower than the first string, and the fourth string is one octave lower than the second string. A tendon is used to facilitate and accurately tune the fiddle  In the past, the double-barreled fiddle was played with two strings, but after the arrival of the violin in Iran, changes were made in the fiddle string, and today this instrument, such as the violin, is tuned and fingerprinted.   Currently, the main and most common tuning for Kamancheh is (mi, la, r, col), which is the violin tuning. These include the D, A, D, G (for Nava), E, A, D, A, (for Mahour) and E, A, E, A (for Homayoun devices, Isfahan song, Isfahan device, He referred to Chahargah, Mahour machine and Rast Panjgah and D, A, D, A (for Lorry tune).   Note Key: The notation is carried from the second line with the sol key and also one fold higher than the percussion instruments are written. Bow: The bow is a wooden rod that has a slight curvature and a bunch of ponytail hair is attached to both ends. On the right hand side of the musician is a leather strap 7 cm long and 1 cm wide between the hair and the bow. The hair of the bow is not stretched and strong, and therefore when playing, the desired amount of elongation is achieved by stretching with the help of the fingers of the musician's right hand. The length of the bow is about 60 cm and to create a suitable sound at the point of contact of the hair with the wires, a resin called "Califon" is used. With the popularity of the violin in Iran, the use of the word bow instead of bow or bow has become common. The type of bowing plays an important role in the sound quality of the instrument, and by loosening and tightening the bow hair with the fingers of the right hand, the desired positions can be created. he farther the bow is from the vault, the softer the sound, and the closer it is to the vault, the louder the sound. The short time and cross-section of the sounds can only be played with the top or bottom of the bow, and the whole bow is used for sounds with more tension or melodies with the connecting line.

Musicians: Ardeshir Kamkar Keyhan Kalhor Saeed Farajpouri Ali Akbar Shekarchi Faraj Alipour Davoud Ganjei Alireza Hosseinkhani Pirouli Karimi Hemmatali Salem Mojtaba Mirzadeh Darvishreza Monazami Hadi Montazeri Sohrab Pournazeri Mohammad Bajlavand

Instrument Makers: Ebrahim Ghanbarimehr Ghodratollah Kordi