Tambourine instrument: The tambourine is a stringed instrument of the Dutar family. Some call it the tambourine by mistake, which is an Arabic instrument. The tambourine is one of the oldest instruments and one of the few instruments that is considered sacred. A tambourine is a native instrument with a longer handle and larger bowel than Setar, and has two or three strings and fourteen curtains. It is used for epic pieces. It is popular in the western parts of Iran, such as Kurdistan and Kermanshah, especially in the Goran and Sahneh regions, and in parts of Lorestan province among dervishes from Tariqat for performing religious music. The tambourine playing ceremony is held every year in mid-November in Dalahoo city of Kermanshah. History: Sculptures from the ruins of Susa date the instrument to about 1,500 BC. It can also be seen on Babylonian plates and Syrian pottery. During the Seleucid period, examples of tambourines can be found in ancient artifacts. It is also said that women were mostly tanbur players. In Rey, Tabarestan and Deylam, playing the tambourine was common during the Sassanid period along with singing, and it is considered one of the top musical instruments in Iran. In the book Al-Kabir Music written by Farabi, two examples of Baghdadi and Khorasani tambourines are mentioned, although the unveiling of the Khorasan tambourine differs from the Baghdadi type, which is related to the pre-Islamic period of ignorance. Based on accurate measurements of the music pace, the pace of Khorasanian tambourine is consistent with the pace of Pythagoras and is the main root of the pace of Eastern and Iranian music after Islam. The 17-degree pace of the Khorasanian tambourine corresponds to the diatonic principle of Pythagoras and is presented in the unveiling of Islamic-Iranian music. According to some legends, this instrument is called Neda Al-Haq because it is believed that after the creation of the body, the infinite human soul did not accept the body, and Gabriel, with God's permission, began to play the tambourine, and the soul became intoxicated and found itself in physical position of the body. According to this belief, the sound of the tambourine reminds one of the eternal sorrows in a person. instrumentology: According to Ruhollah Khaleghi: "Another instrument in Iran called the tambourine has a long history. This instrument had two strings and was a percussion instrument that was played by placing the plectrum in the fingers of the right hand and is still common in Kermanshah. It is straight and long. Its curtains are less known than Tar. The shape of the tambour is seen in old paintings, especially in miniatures, and its bowl is made of wood and its opening has no skin like Setar, but its bowl is bigger and is in the form of a half-melon. It seems that the setar is of the tambourine type, with the difference that the tambourine is played with four fingers of the right hand, without sixty, but in the setar, the nail performs the same function as the plectrum. " Therefore, the tambourine is one of the plectrum instruments. It is played with the fingers and is included in the classification of instringed- plectrum instruments. The tambourine has an integrated reed-shaped wooden bowl and is located at the mouth of the pear-shaped wooden bowl. The tambourine originally had two chords, but in the past decades the first chord has doubled and become one chord. Tanbur structure: The tambourine is one of the most ancient and original Iranian instruments that has a mystical aspect and is one of the religious instruments of the Yarsan dynasty in western Iran. Tanbur is from the Tar family, which is a little bigger than the Setar, and its original origin is in Kermanshah and the mountainous areas of Gurkan and parts of Lorestan. In the book "Kunzal al-Han", its invention is attributed to the Lot people The height of this instrument is usually between 85 and 90 cm. Bowl One-piece bowl: This model is very difficult to make, which was more common in ancient times. This bowl does not have a throat interface and the handle is attached directly to the bowl. On the bowl, thin wooden plates look like fish pollen is placed, which has a number of holes on it. These holes are very effective in creating resonance and sound. The number of holes seen in the shape of a flower is 5 to 6 and is usually inclined to the handle. But in general, their number and location are not fixed. Sometimes the holes are placed side by side near the connection of the bowl to the handle. In some tambourines, there are two holes on the bowl, one is at the top and other is near the edge and the plate.  Wicker bowl: The reverberating and vocal bowl of the tambourine is in the shape of a half-cut pear. The volume of this bowl is smaller compared to the Khorasan dutar. The tambourine bowl is attached to the handle by the interface (throat) on which the wicker is restrained. The bowl is usually made of mulberry wood. It is easier to make than a one-piece, but less original. In the old days, the depth of the tambourine bowl was low. Larger bowls usually had a lower bass sound, and smaller bowls had a lower bass sound. The thickness of the bowl wall is between 3 and 5 mm. More than this amount, the sound is bass and less than this range the sound is weak. A thickness of about 4 mm is considered the most suitable size for the bowl because in this case it produces a penetrating and tuned sound. However, the thickness of the bowl is not exactly the same in all parts. Handle: The tambourine handle is usually made of walnut, sycamore and apricot wood. And as mentioned, it connects to the bowl with a connector called the throat. The length of the handle, including the headband, is 43 to 54.7 cm and without the headband, it is 12-13.7 cm. The width of the handle is 2-3 cm, and as it goes towards the bowl, its thickness increases. Then a plate made of mulberry wood is installed on the opening part of the bowl. There are grooves on the handle called the drain so that the frets can be easily fastened on the handle. About 13-14 frets are tied on handles.   The height of this instrument varies depending on its type, but is usually between 85 and 90 cm. Strings: The tambourine, like the Dotar, originally had two chords (strings), one is soprano (the first string) and other is alto(vocals), being tuned to the fourth and fifth intervals. But over time, another chord was added (of course in practice, the first chord is doubled and only three strings are added to increase the volume). In the past, these strings were made of raw silk, but today, the first wire (soprano) is usually made of steel wire and the second wire (alto) is made of copper wire. The length of the wires from the area of ​​the vault to the tailpiece is about 64 cm. Frets: The number of frets can vary depending on the type of tambourine, but generally is has 13 frets in the form of curtains and half-curtains, which are made of sheep's intestines. There are also 14 types of frets. tailpiece: It is installed at the end of the plate to restrain the strings. In the past, it was made of mountain goat horns, but today it is made of boxwood and kikum wood. pallet: On the handle, three grooves have been installed to control the wires, which used to be made of mountain goat's horn, but today they are made of walnut, boxwood and kikum wood. vault: On the plate, at a distance of 5 to 7.5 cm from the tailpiece, there is a vault with a height of 2.5 to 4 mm and a length of 2 to 5 cm, and it is made of boxwood. The grooves are mounted on the vault. earhone: It is located in the claws section and loose sticks such as willow are used to prevent them from being erased and it easily be replaced. Tanbur officials( Magham): The original music of the tambourine is based on playing according to Magham. Rare status, Rostam's style, Majnoon, Jang-e Ara are considered as old Magham. In total, there are about 72 Maghams for the tambourine, 16 of which belong to the Majlis and 56 to the Haqqani or Kalam. Haqqani Magham (Kalam, Yari): The most important Magham of the tambourine, which has a spiritual status and is more sacred than other positions. Majlisi (Ancient): It is used in mysticism ceremonies and circles that have less sanctity. Virtual Magham (Gorani): are among the Sorena Magham and are generally played by instruments that are popular in the Kurdistan region (Duzleh, Soft Nye, Tonbak, Shamshhal and Kamancheh). Kurdish dances and songs are included in this section. Tune-up: Various tuners are provided for the tambourine, the first two strings of the tambourine, called the Do string, based on the diapazon la, and the third string, which is the cello string and is also known as the Vocal string, with a fourth and five interval tuned just below the second string. Execution techniques of the tambourine The most important techniques used by the right hand are: plectrum, back, front, consecutive, right paw, right with forearm, left with forearm, right - left with forearm, left with two single, small and round And the most important techniques of the left hand are the technique of transverse vibration, longitudinal vibration, digging and clawing.

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